Cancer

Cancer

Cancer is a complex group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells in the body. These cells can invade surrounding tissues and may eventually spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymphatic systems. Understanding the symptoms, causes, and types of cancer is crucial for early detection and effective treatment.

Symptoms:

  1. Unexplained Weight Loss: Significant and unintentional weight loss can be an early sign of various cancers.
  2. Fatigue: Persistent fatigue or weakness that does not improve with rest may indicate cancer.
  3. Pain: Ongoing pain that is not related to a specific injury or easily explained by other conditions can be a symptom.
  4. Changes in the Skin: Skin changes, such as darkening, yellowing, or changes in moles, may be indicative of certain cancers.
  5. Changes in Bowel or Bladder Habits: Persistent changes in bowel or bladder habits, such as blood in stool or urine, may signal cancer.
  6. Persistent Cough or Hoarseness: A cough that doesn’t go away or hoarseness that persists may be a symptom of lung or throat cancer.
  7. Difficulty Swallowing: Difficulty swallowing or persistent indigestion may be associated with cancers of the esophagus or stomach.
  8. Changes in Appetite: Significant changes in appetite, either increased or decreased, may be linked to cancer.

Causes:

  1. Genetic Factors: Inherited genetic mutations can increase the risk of certain cancers.
  2. Environmental Factors: Exposure to environmental carcinogens, such as tobacco smoke, UV radiation, or certain chemicals, can contribute to cancer development.
  3. Lifestyle Factors: Unhealthy lifestyle choices, including a poor diet, lack of physical activity, and excessive alcohol consumption, can increase cancer risk.
  4. Chronic Inflammation: Conditions that cause chronic inflammation, such as inflammatory bowel disease, can elevate the risk of certain cancers.
  5. Viral Infections: Some viruses, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B and C, are associated with an increased risk of cancer.
  6. Hormonal Factors: Hormonal imbalances, especially in estrogen and progesterone, can play a role in certain cancers, such as breast and ovarian cancer.

Types:

  1. Carcinomas: Arising from epithelial cells, carcinomas are the most common type of cancer and include lung, breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers.
  2. Sarcomas: Developing in connective tissues, including bones, muscles, and blood vessels, sarcomas are less common but can be aggressive.
  3. Lymphomas: Originating in the lymphatic system, lymphomas involve abnormal lymphocytes and include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
  4. Leukemias: Affecting the blood and bone marrow, leukemias involve the overproduction of abnormal blood cells.
  5. Central Nervous System (CNS) Cancers: These cancers originate in the brain or spinal cord and include gliomas and meningiomas.

Early detection and advancements in cancer treatment have improved outcomes for many individuals. Screening tests, genetic counseling, and lifestyle modifications play crucial roles in cancer prevention and early intervention. It’s essential for individuals to be aware of potential risk factors, undergo recommended screenings, and seek medical attention if they experience concerning symptoms.

Carcinoma

Carcinoma

Carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in epithelial cells, which are the cells that line the surfaces and cavities of the body. Epithelial cells cover organs, glands, and the outer surface of the body. Carcinomas are the most common type of cancer and can occur in various organs and tissues. Understanding the symptoms, causes, and types of carcinomas is crucial for early detection and effective treatment.

Symptoms: Symptoms of carcinoma can vary depending on the specific organ or tissue affected. Common symptoms may include:

  1. Unexplained Weight Loss: Significant and unintentional weight loss can be an early sign of various carcinomas.
  2. Changes in the Skin: Skin changes, such as the development of new moles or changes in existing ones, may be indicative of skin carcinomas.
  3. Persistent Cough or Hoarseness: Respiratory carcinomas, such as lung cancer, can cause persistent coughing or hoarseness.
  4. Changes in Bowel or Bladder Habits: Gastrointestinal or urological carcinomas may lead to changes in bowel or bladder habits.
  5. Pain: Carcinomas can cause localized or widespread pain, depending on the affected area.
  6. Fatigue: Ongoing fatigue that doesn’t improve with rest may be a symptom of various

types of cancer.

Causes:

  1. Genetic Factors: Inherited genetic mutations can increase the risk of developing certain types of carcinomas.
  2. Environmental Factors: Exposure to environmental carcinogens, such as tobacco smoke, UV radiation, or certain chemicals, can contribute to the development of carcinomas.
  3. Chronic Inflammation: Conditions that cause chronic inflammation, such as inflammatory bowel disease, can elevate the risk of carcinoma development.
  4. Hormonal Factors: Hormonal imbalances, especially in estrogen and progesterone, can play a role in certain carcinomas, such as breast and ovarian cancer.
  5. Viral Infections: Certain viruses, like human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B and C, are associated with an increased risk of specific carcinomas.

Types:

  1. Adenocarcinoma: Arising from glandular cells, adenocarcinomas can occur in various organs, including the breast, prostate, and lungs.
  2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Developing from squamous epithelial cells, these carcinomas can affect the skin, lungs, esophagus, and other organs.
  3. Basal Cell Carcinoma: Primarily found in the skin, basal cell carcinomas are less aggressive and tend to grow slowly.
  4. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): Confined to the milk ducts of the breast, DCIS is an early form of breast cancer.
  5. Renal Cell Carcinoma: Affecting the kidneys, renal cell carcinoma is a common type of kidney cancer.

Thalassemia

Thalassemia

Thalassemia: Unraveling Symptoms, Causes, and Types

Thalassemia is a group of inherited blood disorders that affect the production of hemoglobin, the protein responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells. Individuals with thalassemia produce less hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal, leading to anemia and various complications. Understanding the symptoms, causes, and types of thalassemia is crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.

Symptoms:

  1. Anemia:

   – The hallmark symptom of thalassemia is anemia, which can cause fatigue, weakness, and pallor due to insufficient oxygen delivery to tissues.

  1. Jaundice:

   – Anemia can lead to the destruction of red blood cells, causing an accumulation of bilirubin and resulting in jaundice. This leads to yellowing of the skin and eyes.

  1. Enlarged Spleen and Liver:

   – Thalassemia can cause the spleen and liver to work harder to filter and process abnormal red blood cells, leading to their enlargement.

  1. Facial Bone Deformities (in severe cases):

   – Severe thalassemia, particularly beta-thalassemia major, can cause facial bone deformities due to expansion of the bone marrow, leading to a prominent forehead and cheekbones.

  1. Delayed Growth and Development (in severe cases):

   – Children with severe thalassemia may experience delayed growth and puberty due to the impact of chronic anemia on overall development.

Causes:

  1. Genetic Inheritance:

   – Thalassemia is primarily caused by genetic mutations inherited from one or both parents. It is more prevalent in populations with a higher frequency of carriers.

  1. Mutations in Hemoglobin Genes:

   – Thalassemia results from mutations in the genes responsible for producing hemoglobin. Alpha thalassemia involves mutations in alpha-globin genes, while beta thalassemia involves mutations in beta-globin genes.

  1. Autosomal Recessive Inheritance:

   – Thalassemia is typically inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning an individual needs to inherit mutated genes from both parents to develop the disorder.

  1. Carrier Status (Thalassemia Trait):

   – Individuals with one mutated gene are carriers of thalassemia and are said to have thalassemia trait. While carriers are usually asymptomatic, they can pass the mutated gene to their children.

  1. Geographical Prevalence:

   – Thalassemia is more common in regions with a history of malaria, as carrying one copy of the thalassemia gene can provide some protection against severe malaria.

Types:

  1. Alpha-Thalassemia:

   Alpha-thalassemia results from mutations in the alpha-globin genes. The severity of symptoms depends on the number of mutated genes inherited.

    – Silent Carrier (One Gene): Individuals are carriers and asymptomatic.

    – Alpha Thalassemia Trait (Two Genes): Mild anemia may be present.

    – Hemoglobin H Disease (Three Genes): Moderate to severe anemia and complications.

    – Alpha-Thalassemia Major (Four Genes): Severe anemia and significant health issues, often fatal before or shortly after birth.

  1. Beta-Thalassemia:

    Beta-thalassemia results from mutations in the beta-globin genes. The severity of symptoms varies.

   – Thalassemia Minor (One Gene): Mild anemia, often asymptomatic carriers.

   – Thalassemia Intermedia (Two Genes): Moderate to severe anemia with varying symptoms.

   – Beta-Thalassemia Major (Two Genes): Also known as Cooley’s anemia, it causes severe anemia requiring regular blood transfusions and other treatments.

  1. Delta-Beta Thalassemia:

    Delta-beta thalassemia involves mutations in both the delta and beta-globin genes. Its clinical manifestations can resemble those of beta-thalassemia.

  1. E-Beta Thalassemia:

    E-beta thalassemia results from mutations in the epsilon and beta-globin genes. It is a rare form of thalassemia with variable clinical presentations.

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