A calcaneal spur, also known as a heel spur, is a bony outgrowth that forms on the underside of the heel bone (calcaneus). It is often associated with chronic inflammation of the plantar fascia, a thick band of tissue that connects the heel bone to the toes. While heel spurs themselves may not always cause pain, they can contribute to discomfort and are frequently linked to a condition known as plantar fasciitis.

Symptoms:

1. Heel Pain: The most common symptom is pain in the heel, especially when standing up or walking after periods of rest.
2. Tenderness: The affected area may be tender to the touch.
3. Swelling: Some individuals may experience localized swelling around the heel.
4. Discomfort While Walking: Pain can intensify during activities that put pressure on the feet, such as walking or running.

Causes:

1. Plantar Fasciitis: The primary cause of calcaneal spurs is often associated with plantar fasciitis, which is inflammation of the plantar fascia. Repetitive strain or overuse of the fascia can lead to the formation of a spur.
2. Aging: As individuals age, the plantar fascia may lose elasticity, making it more susceptible to stress and damage.
3. Biomechanical Factors: Abnormalities in foot structure or mechanics, such as flat feet or high arches, can contribute to increased stress on the heel bone and the development of spurs.
4. Poorly Fitted Shoes: Wearing shoes with inadequate support or improper fit can strain the plantar fascia and contribute to heel spur formation.

Types:

1. Posterior Calcaneal Spur: This type is located at the back of the heel where the Achilles tendon attaches to the heel bone.
2. Inferior Calcaneal Spur: This is the more common type, found on the underside of the heel bone, often associated with plantar fasciitis.

It’s important to note that not everyone with a heel spur experiences pain, and the presence of a spur does not necessarily indicate the presence of symptoms. Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination and imaging studies, such as X-rays, to confirm the presence of a heel spur and assess its size.