Palpitations: Unraveling Symptoms, Causes, and Types

Palpitations refer to the sensation of an irregular or rapid heartbeat, often felt as fluttering, pounding, or racing in the chest. While palpitations are usually harmless, they can sometimes indicate an underlying heart-related issue. Understanding the symptoms, causes, and types of palpitations is essential for proper evaluation and management.

Symptoms of Palpitations:

1. Fluttering or Racing Heartbeat:

   – The primary sensation associated with palpitations is an abnormal awareness of the heart’s beating, which may feel like fluttering, rapid pounding, or racing.

2. Skipped Heartbeats:

   – Palpitations can manifest as a sensation of skipped heartbeats or extra beats, leading to an irregular rhythm.

3. Chest Discomfort:

   – Some individuals may experience mild chest discomfort or a feeling of pressure during palpitations.

4. Dizziness or Lightheadedness:

   – Palpitations may be accompanied by dizziness or lightheadedness, especially if the heart rate becomes too rapid.

5. Shortness of Breath:

   – Rapid heartbeats can lead to shortness of breath, particularly during physical activity or times of stress.

6. Fatigue:

   – Prolonged or frequent palpitations may contribute to fatigue or a sense of weakness.

Causes of Palpitations:

1. Stress and Anxiety:

   – Emotional stress and anxiety can trigger the release of adrenaline, leading to palpitations.

2. Caffeine and Stimulants:

   – Excessive consumption of caffeine, nicotine, or certain stimulant medications can cause palpitations.

3. Dehydration:

   – Inadequate fluid intake and dehydration can affect electrolyte balance, potentially causing palpitations.

4. Low Blood Sugar:

   – Low blood sugar levels, often associated with conditions like diabetes, may lead to palpitations.

5. Fever:

   – Elevated body temperature during a fever can increase the heart rate, causing palpitations.

6. Hormonal Changes:

   – Hormonal fluctuations, such as those during pregnancy, menstruation, or menopause, can contribute to palpitations.

7. Thyroid Disorders:

   – Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) or underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) can affect heart rhythm.

8. Heart Conditions:

   – Conditions like arrhythmias, heart valve disorders, or heart muscle problems can lead to palpitations.

9. Anemia:

   – Low red blood cell count and anemia may result in palpitations.

10. Medications:

    – Certain medications, including asthma inhalers, decongestants, or certain antidepressants, can cause palpitations.

11. Illegal Drugs:

    – The use of stimulant drugs, such as cocaine or amphetamines, can lead to palpitations.

Types of Palpitations:

1. Premature Contractions:

   – Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs): Extra heartbeats originating in the upper chambers.

   – Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs): Extra heartbeats originating in the lower chambers.

2. Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT):

   – Rapid heartbeats originating above the heart’s ventricles, often causing a sudden onset of palpitations.

3. Atrial Fibrillation:

   – Irregular and rapid heartbeat originating in the upper chambers, increasing the risk of stroke and other heart-related complications.

4. Atrial Flutter:

   – A regular, but often rapid, heartbeat originating in the atria, similar to atrial fibrillation but with a distinct pattern.

5. Ventricular Tachycardia:

   – Rapid and regular heartbeats originating in the heart’s ventricles, potentially leading to more serious arrhythmias.

6. Ventricular Fibrillation:

   – Chaotic and rapid heartbeats originating in the ventricles, considered a medical emergency as it can be life-threatening.