A gastric ulcer, also known as a stomach ulcer, is a sore or lesion that develops on the lining of the stomach. These ulcers can cause varying degrees of discomfort and may lead to more serious complications if left untreated.

Causes:

Gastric ulcers result from an imbalance between the stomach’s digestive fluids and the protective mechanisms of the stomach lining. The primary causes include:

1. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) Infection: This bacterium is a major contributor to gastric ulcers. It weakens the stomach’s protective mucous layer, allowing stomach acid to damage the lining.
2. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Prolonged use of NSAIDs, such as aspirin or ibuprofen, can irritate the stomach lining and contribute to ulcer formation.
3. Excessive Stomach Acid Production: Conditions that lead to the overproduction of stomach acid, like Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, can increase the risk of developing gastric ulcers.
4. Smoking: Smoking can impair the stomach’s ability to heal and increase the likelihood of developing ulcers.
5. Stress: While stress alone doesn’t cause ulcers, it can exacerbate existing conditions and contribute to their development.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of gastric ulcers can vary, and some individuals may not experience any noticeable symptoms. Common signs include:

1. Burning Sensation: A burning or gnawing pain in the upper abdomen, often occurring between meals and in the early morning hours.
2. Nausea and Vomiting: Feeling nauseous or vomiting, which may include the presence of blood in vomit.
3. Indigestion: Discomfort or bloating after eating, particularly if the meal is rich or spicy.
4. Loss of Appetite: Some individuals may experience a decreased desire to eat, leading to weight loss.
5. Dark Stool: The presence of dark, tarry stools may indicate bleeding from the ulcer.
6. Fatigue: Anemia resulting from ulcer-related bleeding can lead to fatigue and weakness.

Types:

Gastric ulcers are categorized based on their location and underlying causes:

1. Gastric Ulcers: These occur in the lining of the stomach and are often associated with H. pylori infection or the use of NSAIDs.
2. Duodenal Ulcers: Located in the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum), these ulcers are more common and are often related to H. pylori infection or NSAID use.
3. Esophageal Ulcers: Less common, these ulcers form in the lower part of the esophagus, typically due to the backward flow of stomach acid (gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD).

In conclusion, gastric ulcers are sores or lesions on the stomach lining, often caused by factors like H. pylori infection, NSAID use, or excess stomach acid production. Recognizing symptoms and seeking timely medical attention is crucial for effective diagnosis and management, as untreated ulcers can lead to serious complications.