Measles: Understanding Symptoms, Causes, and Types

Measles, also known as rubeola, is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the measles virus (MeV). It primarily affects children but can occur at any age. Measles is preventable through vaccination, and widespread vaccination efforts have significantly reduced the global incidence of this disease. However, outbreaks can still occur in areas with low vaccination coverage.

Symptoms:

1. High Fever:

   – Measles typically begins with a high fever, often exceeding 101°F (38.3°C).

2. Cough:

   – A persistent cough is a common early symptom, usually accompanied by other respiratory symptoms.

3. Runny Nose:

   – A runny or stuffy nose is another early sign of measles.

4. Red Eyes (Conjunctivitis):

   – Inflammation of the eyes, leading to redness and sensitivity to light.

5. Koplik’s Spots:

   – Small white spots with bluish-white centers may appear inside the mouth, known as Koplik’s spots.

6. Rash:

   – A characteristic rash typically develops 3-5 days after the onset of symptoms. The rash starts as flat red spots and progresses to raised, reddish-brown blotches. It usually begins on the face and spreads down the body.

7. Malaise:

   – Generalized feelings of discomfort, malaise, and fatigue are common during measles infection.

8. Complications:

   – In severe cases, measles can lead to complications, including pneumonia, encephalitis (brain inflammation), and, rarely, death.

Causes:

1. Measles Virus (MeV):

   – Measles is caused by the measles virus, a paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. It is highly contagious and primarily spreads through respiratory droplets.

2. Airborne Transmission:

   – The virus is airborne and can remain infectious in the air and on surfaces for up to two hours after an infected person has left the area.

3. Direct Contact:

   – Measles can spread through direct contact with respiratory secretions or by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus and then touching the face.

4. Infectious Period:

   – A person with measles is contagious from 4 days before the rash appears to 4 days after. This makes it highly contagious, contributing to its rapid spread.

Types of Measles:

1. Typical Measles (Classic or Hard Measles):

   – The most common form of measles, characterized by the typical symptoms described above.

2. Modified Measles:

   – Occurs in individuals who have been partially immune due to previous vaccination or infection. Symptoms are often milder.

3. Atypical Measles:

   – A rare form that can occur in individuals who received an inactivated measles vaccine (killed vaccine) used in the United States before 1968. Symptoms may be more severe, and complications can include pneumonia and pleuritis. 

Complications:

1. Pneumonia:

   – One of the most common complications, pneumonia can occur due to secondary bacterial infections.

2. Encephalitis:

   – Inflammation of the brain, which can lead to seizures, cognitive impairment, and, in severe cases, death.

3. Ear Infections:

   – Measles can cause ear infections, leading to hearing loss in some cases.

4. Pregnancy Complications:

   – Pregnant women with measles are at an increased risk of premature labor, low birth weight, and complications for the newborn.

Measles remains a significant global health concern, and efforts to increase vaccination coverage are crucial for preventing outbreaks and protecting vulnerable populations. Public health measures, early diagnosis, and supportive care contribute to reducing the impact of measles on affected individuals and communities.