Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is a common condition that occurs when the median nerve, which runs from the forearm into the palm of the hand, becomes compressed or squeezed at the wrist. The carpal tunnel is a narrow passageway in the wrist, surrounded by bones and ligaments, through which the median nerve and several tendons pass. Compression of the median nerve can lead to various symptoms affecting the hand and wrist.

Symptoms:

1. Numbness or Tingling: Individuals with CTS often experience numbness, tingling, or a “pins and needles” sensation in the thumb, index, middle, and ring fingers.
2. Weakness: Weakness in the hand and a tendency to drop objects may occur.
3. Pain or Discomfort: Pain or aching in the wrist, palm, or forearm is common, and the discomfort may radiate up the arm.
4. Nighttime Symptoms: Symptoms often worsen at night, leading to sleep disturbances.

Causes:

1. Compression: The most common cause of carpal tunnel syndrome is compression of the median nerve. This can result from swelling or inflammation in the carpal tunnel, which may be due to various factors.
2. Repetitive Movements: Repeated and forceful movements of the wrist, especially those involving flexion and extension, can contribute to the development of CTS.
3. Hand and Wrist Positioning: Maintaining awkward or strained positions of the hand and wrist for prolonged periods can increase pressure on the median nerve.
4. Medical Conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and thyroid disorders, are associated with an increased risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome.
5. Hormonal Changes: Hormonal changes, such as those during pregnancy or menopause, can contribute to fluid retention and increased pressure within the carpal tunnel.

Types:

1. Idiopathic CTS: The most common type, idiopathic CTS, has no specific identifiable cause and often develops gradually over time.
2. Secondary CTS: This type is associated with an underlying medical condition, such as rheumatoid arthritis or diabetes.
3. Pregnancy-Related CTS: Hormonal changes and fluid retention during pregnancy can lead to temporary CTS symptoms.
4. Traumatic CTS: Direct trauma or injury to the wrist may result in carpal tunnel syndrome.

Severe or persistent cases may require surgical intervention known as carpal tunnel release, where the ligament pressing on the median nerve is cut to relieve pressure. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial in preventing long-term complications and improving the quality of life for individuals with carpal tunnel syndrome.