Cold and cough are common respiratory illnesses often caused by viral infections. These conditions affect the upper respiratory tract and can result in symptoms such as nasal congestion, sneezing, coughing, and sore throat. While cold and cough symptoms can overlap, they are distinct entities with varying causes.

Symptoms:

1. Nasal Congestion: Blockage or stuffiness in the nasal passages.
2. Runny Nose: Excessive production of mucus, leading to a runny or dripping nose.
3. Sneezing: The body’s response to irritants or infection in the nasal passages.
4. Coughing: A common symptom that helps clear the airways of irritants or mucus.
5. Sore Throat: Irritation or pain in the throat, often exacerbated by coughing.
6. Headache: Some individuals may experience headaches due to sinus congestion.
7. Mild Fatigue: Feeling tired or lethargic is common during a cold.

Causes:

1. Viral Infections: The majority of colds and coughs are caused by viruses, with rhinoviruses being the most common culprits. Other viruses, such as coronaviruses or influenza viruses, can also cause similar symptoms.
2. Bacterial Infections: While less common, bacterial infections like streptococcal bacteria can lead to sore throat and cough. Antibiotics are typically prescribed for bacterial infections, but they are not effective against viral infections.
3. Allergies: Exposure to allergens like pollen, dust, or pet dander can trigger cold-like symptoms.
4. Environmental Irritants: Tobacco smoke, air pollution, or strong odors can irritate the respiratory tract, leading to cough and cold-like symptoms.
5. Postnasal Drip: Excess mucus dripping down the back of the throat can cause irritation and cough.

Types:

1. Common Cold: Caused by various viruses, the common cold is characterized by mild symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, and coughing. It is usually self-limiting and resolves within a week or two.
2. Influenza (Flu): Influenza is a viral respiratory infection that can cause symptoms similar to a cold but is often more severe. It may be associated with high fever, body aches, and fatigue.
3. Allergic Rhinitis: Also known as hay fever, allergic rhinitis is caused by exposure to allergens and leads to symptoms like sneezing, runny nose, and itchy eyes. It is not caused by viruses.
4. Acute Bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, often following a cold or respiratory infection, leading to coughing and chest discomfort.
5. Strep Throat: A bacterial infection caused by Streptococcus bacteria, presenting with symptoms like sore throat, fever, and difficulty swallowing.