Enteric fever, commonly known as typhoid fever, is a systemic bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. This contagious illness primarily affects the gastrointestinal system and is transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated food or water. Enteric fever is a significant global health concern, particularly in regions with poor sanitation and inadequate access to clean water.

Symptoms:

1. Fever: A sustained high fever is a hallmark symptom of enteric fever, often reaching temperatures of 103°F (39.4°C) or higher.
2. Headache: Persistent headaches are common, often accompanied by general body aches and fatigue.
3. Abdominal Pain: Discomfort and tenderness in the abdominal region can occur, with the pain often concentrated around the navel.
4. Gastrointestinal Symptoms: Diarrhea or constipation, nausea, vomiting, and a reduced appetite are typical gastrointestinal manifestations.
5. Rose Spots: Small, rose-colored spots may appear on the abdomen and chest, representing a characteristic skin rash.
6. Enlarged Spleen and Liver: In some cases, the spleen and liver may become enlarged, contributing to abdominal pain.

Causes:

1. Bacterial Infection: Enteric fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. Contaminated food or water, often due to poor sanitation practices, facilitates the spread of the bacteria.
2. Fecal-Oral Transmission: The bacteria are primarily transmitted through the consumption of food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person.
3. Carrier State: Some individuals can become chronic carriers of the bacteria, shedding it in their feces even after recovering from the acute illness. These carriers can serve as a reservoir for the ongoing transmission of the infection.

Types:

1. Typhoid Fever: The classic form of enteric fever caused by Salmonella Typhi, characterized by a gradual onset of symptoms and a sustained high fever.
2. Paratyphoid Fever: Caused by Salmonella Paratyphi types A, B, or C, paratyphoid fever presents with symptoms similar to typhoid fever but tends to be milder.

Complications:

1. Intestinal Perforation: In severe cases, the walls of the intestine may become weakened, leading to perforation and the release of intestinal contents into the abdominal cavity, a life-threatening complication.
2. Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver (hepatitis) can occur, particularly in cases with involvement of the liver.
3. Encephalopathy: Neurological complications may arise, including confusion and altered mental status.

Prompt diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment are crucial for a favorable outcome in enteric fever. Individuals with symptoms suggestive of the condition, particularly after travel to endemic areas, should seek medical attention for timely evaluation and management.