Enuresis, commonly known as bedwetting, refers to the involuntary passage of urine during sleep in children beyond the age when bladder control is typically achieved. While most children attain nighttime bladder control by the age of 5, enuresis may persist beyond this age, and it can have various underlying causes.

Symptoms:

1. Bedwetting: The primary symptom of enuresis is the recurrent occurrence of bedwetting, occurring at least twice a week for three consecutive months.

Causes:

1. Delayed Maturity: Some children may take longer to develop nighttime bladder control, and enuresis may resolve as the child matures.
2. Genetic Factors: Bedwetting can run in families, suggesting a genetic predisposition.
3. Hormonal Factors: The hormone vasopressin plays a role in reducing urine production at night. Some children may produce insufficient vasopressin, contributing to bedwetting.
4. Bladder Capacity: In some cases, a smaller bladder capacity or an inability to awaken when the bladder is full may contribute to enuresis.
5. Sleep Disorders: Conditions such as sleep apnea or restless legs syndrome may disrupt sleep patterns and contribute to bedwetting.
6. Psychosocial Factors: Stressors such as changes in family structure, moving to a new place, or starting school may contribute to enuresis.

Types:

1. Primary Enuresis: This refers to bedwetting that has been ongoing since early childhood without a significant period of dryness.
2. Secondary Enuresis: In this type, a child who has been consistently dry for at least six months begins to experience bedwetting again. Secondary enuresis may be associated with emotional stress or underlying medical conditions.
3. Nocturnal Enuresis: Enuresis that occurs during the night while the child is sleeping.
4. Diurnal Enuresis: Involves daytime wetting, which may indicate different underlying factors than nocturnal enuresis.

It’s important to note that enuresis is a common and often self-limiting condition in childhood. However, if it persists or if there are concerns about the child’s well-being, seeking guidance from a healthcare professional is advisable. A thorough evaluation can help identify any underlying causes and guide appropriate interventions for effective management.