Fissure in ano, commonly referred to as an anal fissure, is a small tear or cut in the lining of the anus. While it can affect people of all ages, anal fissures are more common in young adults and can cause discomfort and pain during bowel movements. Understanding the symptoms, causes, and types of anal fissures is crucial for appropriate management.

Symptoms:

1. Pain during Bowel Movements: One of the primary symptoms is sharp, intense pain and discomfort during or after passing stools.

2. Bleeding: Anal fissures may cause bright red blood on the toilet paper or in the toilet bowl.

3. Anal Itching: Some individuals may experience itching around the anal area.
4. Spasms of the Anal Sphincter: The muscles surrounding the anus may go into spasm, exacerbating pain.
5. Tenderness or Swelling: The anal area may be tender to touch, and there may be some swelling.

Causes:

1. Constipation: Hard or large stools can stretch and tear the delicate lining of the anus, leading to fissures.
2. Straining during Bowel Movements: Excessive straining, especially if associated with constipation, can contribute to the development of fissures.
3. Diarrhea: Chronic diarrhea or conditions causing frequent bowel movements can irritate the anus and increase the risk of fissures.
4. Childbirth: Women who have given birth vaginally may be at an increased risk due to the pressure and stretching during childbirth.
5. Anal Trauma: Injury or trauma to the anal area, such as from anal intercourse, can lead to fissures.

Types:

1. Acute Anal Fissure: Typically caused by trauma or strain, acute fissures are new tears in the anal lining.
2. Chronic Anal Fissure: Fissures that persist for a more extended period become chronic. Chronic fissures may be associated with changes in the surrounding tissue and increased muscle tone, making healing more challenging.

It’s essential for individuals experiencing symptoms of an anal fissure, especially persistent pain or bleeding, to seek medical attention. Early intervention and appropriate management can promote healing and prevent the development of chronic fissures. Lifestyle modifications, including maintaining good bowel habits and addressing underlying causes, play a crucial role in preventing recurrence.