A ganglion is a fluid-filled cyst that commonly develops near joints or tendons, usually in the wrists and hands. These cysts are generally noncancerous and present as lumps beneath the skin. While ganglions are often harmless, they can cause discomfort or pain, and in some cases, may require medical attention.

Causes:

The exact cause of ganglion formation is not always clear, but several factors contribute to their development:

1. Joint or Tendon Irritation: Ganglions frequently arise in response to irritation or stress on a joint or tendon. Repetitive activities or movements that strain the joints can contribute to the development of ganglions.
2. Connective Tissue Breakdown: The cyst forms when the tissue surrounding a joint or tendon weakens, allowing the joint fluid to escape and accumulate. This leads to the creation of a sac-like structure that becomes the ganglion.
3. Unknown Factors: In some cases, ganglions appear spontaneously, and the precise trigger remains unknown. Genetic predisposition and underlying joint or tendon conditions may play a role.

Types:

Ganglions can manifest in various locations, and their types are categorized based on their specific locations and characteristics:

1. Dorsal Wrist Ganglion: This is the most common type, typically found on the back of the wrist. Dorsal ganglions are visible as lumps and may vary in size. They often develop from the scapholunate joint.
2. Volar Wrist Ganglion: Less common than dorsal ganglions, these are located on the front or palm side of the wrist. Volar ganglions may be associated with deeper structures such as the radioscaphoid joint.
3. Mucous Cyst: Ganglions near the fingernail are referred to as mucous cysts. These can be associated with osteoarthritis and may cause changes in the nail structure.
4. Ganglions in Other Joints: While wrists are the most common location, ganglions can also develop in other joints, such as the ankles, knees, or shoulders.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of ganglions can vary, and not all individuals with ganglions experience discomfort. Common symptoms include:

1. Visible Lump: The most noticeable symptom is the presence of a visible lump beneath the skin. Ganglions are often round or oval and may change in size over time.
2. Pain or Discomfort: Ganglions can cause pain or discomfort, particularly when pressure is applied to the affected area or during certain movements. The pain may be dull or sharp.
3. Changes in Size: Ganglions may fluctuate in size, sometimes increasing or decreasing. The size can be influenced by factors such as activity level, inflammation, or changes in joint fluid.
4. Limitation of Joint Movement: Larger ganglions may restrict joint movement and cause stiffness. This can be particularly evident if the ganglion is near a joint or tendon that is crucial for movement.
5. Numbness or Tingling: In rare cases, a ganglion pressing on a nerve may lead to numbness or tingling in the hand or fingers. This is more likely to occur if the ganglion exerts pressure on nearby nerves.

In conclusion, a ganglion is a common, usually benign cyst that forms near joints or tendons. Understanding its causes, types, and symptoms is crucial for appropriate diagnosis and management. While many ganglions do not require treatment, those causing pain or restricting joint movement may be addressed through various interventions, ranging from observation to surgical removal. Seeking medical advice for proper evaluation and guidance is essential for individuals experiencing symptoms related to ganglions.